Function of Blood
> transport of gases > transport of processed molecules
> transport of regulatory molecules
> regulation of pH and osmosis
> maintenance of body temperature
> protection against foreign substances
> clot formation
Composition of Blood:
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets
Plasma which contains:
Glucose
Amino-acids
Vitamins
Hormones
Mineral salts
Antibodies
Antitoxins
Urea
Phospholipids
Lipoproteins
Hydrogen carbonate ions
Fibrinogen
Red blood cells
> normal red blood cells are disc-shaped cells with edge that are thicker than the center of the cells.
> the main component of a red blood cells is pigmented protein hemoglobin.
>each polypeptide chain, called a globin, is bound to one heme.
>each heme is a red pigment molecule containing one iron atom.
White Blood Cells
> are spherical cells that lack hemoglobin.
> white blood cells can leave the blood and move by ameboid movement through the tissues
Platelets
> are minute fragment of cells, each consisting of a cells.
> each consisting of a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane
> preventing blood loss
Blood cloting
Vascular Spasm
> is an immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel resulting from a contraction of smooth muscles.
ABO Blood group
> the ABO system is used to categorize the human blood
Functions of the Muscular System > body movement
> maintenance of body posture
> respiration
> production of body heat
> communication
> constriction of organs and vessels
> heart beat
Table. Comparison of Muscle Types Muscle Type Characteristic Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Nuclei Multinucleated; Single nucleus; centrally Single nucleus; centrally peripherally located located located Banding Actin and myosin form Actin and myosin form Actin and myosin; no distinctive bands distinctive bands distinctive bands Z disks Present Present Z disks not present; cytoplasmic dense bodies are present T tubules T tubules at A-I T tubules at Z disk; No T tubules; no triads junction; triads diads present or diads; caveolae are present present Cellular No junctional Intercalated disks Gap junctions junctions complexes Neuromuscular Present Not present; contraction Not present; contraction junctions is intrinsic is intrinsic, neural, or hormonal Ca 2+-binding Troponin Troponin Calmodulin Regeneration Limited; satellite cells None High
Ion channels
> ligand gates
> voltage-gated ion channels
Action potentials
Neuromuscular junction
Muscle relaxation
> excitation-contraction coupling results in the release of Calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the binding of Calcium to troponin.
Characteristics of Muscle Types
Fibre Type
Type I fibres
Type II A fibres
Type II B fibres
Contraction time
Slow
Fast
Very Fast
Size of motor neuron
Small
Large
Very Large
Resistance to fatigue
High
Intermediate
Low
Activity Used for
Aerobic
Long term anaerobic
Short term anaerobic
Force production
Low
High
Very High
Mitochondrial density
High
High
Low
Capillary density
High
Intermediate
Low
Oxidative capacity
High
High
Low
Glycolytic capacity
Low
High
High
Major storage fuel
Triglycerides
CP, Glycogen
CP, Glycogen
Types of smooth muscle
> involuntary muscle > muscle of the viscera (e.g., in walls of blood vessels, intestine, & other 'hollow' structures and organs in the body)
Functional properties of smooth muscles
> smooth muscle is capable of authorhytmic contraction.
> a typical smooth muscles contracts and relaxes.
> smooth muscle tone.
> the oral cavity or the mouth is part of the digestive system bounded by the lips.
> tongue is a large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity.
> teeth play a vital role in mastication of the food.
> adult have 32 teeth.
Esophagus
> it is about 25 cm long
> the esophagus has thick walls consisting of the tunics: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia.
Stomach
> the opening from the esophagus to the stomach is called gastroesophageal.
> the secretion of the stomach are called gastric juice.
> as food enters the stomach, it is mixed with gastric juice to become a semifluid mixture called chyme.
> there are two types of stomach movement occurring: mixing waves and peristaltic waves.
> relatively weak contraction result in mixing waves.
> stronger contraction is peristaltic waves.
Small intestine
> consist of three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.
> the entire small intestine i about 6 m long.
> the mucosa of the small intestine produces secretions that primary contain mucus, electrolytes, and water.
Liver and Gallbladder
>the liver is the largest internal organ of the body, weighing about 1.63 kg.
>the gallbladder is a small sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores bile.
Fuctions of the liver
> bile production
> storage
> nutrient interconverion
> detoxification
> phagocytosis
> synthesis
Large intestine
> is the portion of the digestive tract extending from the ileocecal junction to the anus.
> its consist of cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.
Movement in the large intestine
> three to four time a day, the circular muscles in large parts of the transverse and descending colon undergo several strong peristaltic contraction called massmovement.
Anal canal
> the lat 2-3 cm of the digestive tract is the anal canal . it begins at the inferior end of the rectum and end in anus.
> transport of processed molecules
